What is Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)?
It is a progressive eye condition that primarily affects individuals over the age of 50. It is the leading cause of significant, permanent vision loss in older adults. AMD occurs when the central part of the retina, called the macula, deteriorates. The macula is responsible for sharp, central vision, essential for tasks like driving, reading and recognizing faces. Although AMD rarely leads to complete blindness, it can severely impair central vision.
What are the Symptoms of AMD?
AMD symptoms may not be noticeable in the early stages. However, as the disease progresses, common signs include:
Blurred or less sharp vision
- Dark or blurry spots in the center of vision
- Difficulty reading fine print or recognizing faces
- Straight lines appearing wavy
- Trouble seeing in low light conditions
- Changes in color perception
If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to consult an eye doctor for a comprehensive exam.
What Causes AMD?
The exact cause of AMD is not fully understood, but both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development.
Risk factors include:
Age: The risk increases significantly after age 50.
Smoking: Smoking doubles the risk of AMD.
High blood pressure and cholesterol: These conditions can affect blood vessels in the eyes.
Diet high in saturated fats: A poor diet can increase the risk.
How is AMD Diagnosed?
AMD is typically diagnosed during routine eye exams. Your doctor may use tests such as:
Retinal exam: Examining the retina after dilating the pupil.
Amsler grid: A test where you view a grid of straight lines to check for wavy or missing lines.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT): This imaging test detects fluid or blood under the retina.
Angiography: A procedure where dye is injected to highlight abnormal blood vessels in the retina.
What are the Treatment Options for AMD?
While there is no cure for AMD, prompt treatment can slow its progression:
AREDS2 supplements: For intermediate or advanced dry AMD, a combination of vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, and lutein, can help slow the disease’s progression.
Anti-VEGF drugs: For wet AMD, medications that block the growth of abnormal blood vessels can be injected directly into the eye. These drugs, such as aflibercept (Eylea) and ranibizumab (Lucentis), help reduce fluid leakage and slow vision loss.
Laser therapy: In some cases, high-energy laser light is used to destroy abnormal blood vessels in the retina.
Photodynamic therapy: A combination of light-sensitive drugs and laser therapy that targets and destroys abnormal blood vessels in the eye.
Can Lifestyle Changes Help Prevent AMD?
Yes, adopting a healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of AMD or slow its progression:
- Quit smoking
- Opt for a healthy diet rich in leafy greens, fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants can support eye health.
- Exercise regularly
- Go for regular eye check-ups
How does AMD Affect Vision?
People with AMD may experience blurry or distorted vision, especially when trying to focus on objects directly in front of them. Straight lines may appear wavy, and blind spots can develop in the center of their vision, making daily activities like reading, driving, or recognizing faces more challenging. However, peripheral vision usually remains intact, allowing patients to navigate their environment.
With the right care and lifestyle adjustments, individuals with AMD can continue to live a fulfilling and independent life despite vision challenges.
